Volume 2 of Richard Hakluyt's The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589) says, "The turkey cockes and hennes were brought about fifty yeres past, the Artichowe in time of King Henry the Eight, and of later times was procured out of Italy the Muske Rose plant, the Plumme called the Perdigwena, and two kindes more by the Lord Cromwell after his travel." Thomas Cromwell, created Earl of Essex by Henry VIII, visited Italy between 1503 and 1514, and died in 1540.