Make a 45 degree cut about 1/4" above a set of leaves.
There are two types of canes. Main canes, which come from the ground. And Laterals which grow from the main cane. The Main canes you don't want to cut too short. Rule of the thumb is don't cut them below your knee. The laterals you can take longer stems, cutting to the main cane if you'd like.
A five leaflet configurations is the number of leaves on the stem at the point at which you are cutting. General wisdom has been to only cut to a five leaf stem, pointing in a direction you would like to have growth.
The leaf sets are where new growth is going to come from after you cut your bloom. You don't want growth to the center of the bush, as it will cause congestion and air circulation problems, which can facilitate disease issues.
I have not found any difference in growth taking blooms from a three or five leaf configuration.
Modern roses have three or five leaves. Older roses have different numbers, but is the same idea.
How many can you take? As many as you can find within the don't cut the rose too short rule. Your roses will bloom more when you remove blooms. Those which are not suitable to bring in the house? Remove them when they are spent by cutting at a 45 degree angle, 1/4" above a leaf set pointing in a direction you want growth.
Enjoy your roses, it's why we grow them.