(2001)  Page(s) 443.  
 
Rosa damascena Mill., Gard. dict. ed. 8 (1768) no. 15.
Rosa belgica Mill., l.c., no. 17; R. calendarum Borkh., Vers. forstbot. Beschr. (1790) 338; R. multiflora vel polyantha Rössig, Ökon.-bot. Beschr. Ros. 1 (1799) 69, nom. altern., non R. multiflora Thunb. (1784); R. polyanthus Rössig, Rosen (1802) no. 35; Rosa bifera Pers., Syn. Pl. 2 (1806) 48; R. gallica var. damascena Voss, Vilmorins Blumengärtn. 1 (1894) 254; R. damascena f. trigintipetala Keller ex Asch. & Graebn., Syn. mitteleur. Fl. 6, 1 (1900) 52.
Damasc rose; German Damaszener Rose, Portlandrose; French rose de damas, rose de Puteaux; Russian roza damasskaja; Chinese du jue qiang wei; Sanskrit shatapatri; Hindi gulab ke phul, fosli gulab; Korean punhongkkothyangjanmi.
Only known in cultivation.
R. damascena is of hybrid origin from crossings betwee R. gallica L. and R. phoenicia Boiss. or R. moschata Herrm., probably in Syria.
Cultivated in S France, S Italy, Morocco, Libya, Turkey, Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus, Syria, India, China and N Korea, sometimes escaped.
One of the most important Rosa species for flowers use. The rose oil is used for fine perfumes and as aroma for foodstuffs. Fruits are used for beverages and sweets. In Java young leaves and shoots are eaten as a delicacy. In India buds, flowers and fruits are drugs.
About 300 years ago R. damascena and its cultivation and processing procedure were introduced into Bularia and further on into the other countries in Europe and Africa from Turkey. With the highly productive cultivar 'Trigintipetala' an area of intensive commercial production of rose oil in the surrounding of Kazanlâk (Bulgaria) was developed.
Ref.: Backer & Van den Brink 1, 1963; Gildemeister & Hoffmann 5, 1969; Hammer et al. 1987, 323; Hammer et al. 1988, 475; Hegi IV (2), 1923; Krüssmann 3, 1978; Ochs & Van den Brink 1931, 1005 pp.; Rehm & Espig 1976, 496 pp.; Singh 1970, 175; Singh & Deolia 1963, 76; Terra 1966, 107 pp.; Wealth of India 9, 1972; Widrlechner 1981, 42.

(2001)  Page(s) 447.  
 
Rosa davurica Pallas, Fl. Ross. 1, 2 (1788) 61.
Rosa willdenowii Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2 (1825) 547.
Dahurian rose; German Dahurische Rose; Russian roza daurskaja.
S Yakutia, Amur Region, Mongolia and N China.
Cultivated for the fruits in the former Soviet Union.
Ref.: Pavil'onov & Rožkov 1986, 86 pp.

(2001)  Page(s) 442.  
 
Rosa gallica L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 492.
Rosa austriaca Crantz, Stirp. austr. fasc. 1 (1768) 86; R. pumila Jacq., Fl. austriac. 2 (1773) 59; R. rubra Lam., Fl. franç. 3 (1778) 130; R. grandiflora Salisb., Prodr. (1796) 258; R. cordifolia Host, Fl. austriac. 2 (1831) 23.
French rose; German Essigrose, Samtrose; French rose rouge, rose de Provinse; Italian rosa gallica, rosa serpeggiante; Spanish rosal castellano; Russian rosa francuzskaja; Chinese qiang wei; Hindi franci gulab.
S and Central Europe, European Russia, Asia Minor, W Caucasus.
Cultivated in Europe (S France, Spain, S Italy, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Russia) in Middle Asia and in India.
The flowers were used for perfume and marchpane. The petals of the French cultivar 'Officinalis' (= rose de Provence) were used for the preparing a fragrant powder. In S France and in Bulgaria petals are used for making jam.
Used in India as a drug, in Russia in the folk medicine. In many countries the fruits are used.
Ref.: Bundessortenamt 1993, 146 pp.; Hammer et al. 1990, 173; Hegi IV (2), 1923; Krüssmann 3, 1978; Vul'f & Maleeva 1969, 566 pp.; Wealth of India 9, 1972.

(2001)  Page(s) 441-442.  
 
Rosa hemisphaerica Herrm., Diss. Bot.-Med. Rosa 18 (1762).
Rosa glaucophylla Ehrhart, Beitr. Naturk. 2 (1788) 69; R.hemisphaerica var. plena Hort. ex Rehder in Bailey, Cycl. Am. Hort. 4 (1908) 1557.
Sulphur rose.
Turkey, Iraq, Iran, India.
Cultivated in India, dried and roasted fruits are processed for tea.
Ref.: Ghora & Paniraghi 1995, 481 pp.

(2001)  Page(s) 450.  
 
Rosa laevigata Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 1 (1803) 295.
Rosa sinica Aiton, Hort. kew. 2 (1789) 203, non L. (1774).
Korean kûmaengjangmi.
China; naturalized in some regions of North America.
Cultivated for the use of flowers in N Korea.
Ref.: Hammer et al. 1990, 173.

(2001)  Page(s) 447-448.  
 
Rosa macrophylla Lindl., Ros. monogr. (1820) 35, t. 6.
Rosa hoffmeisteri Klotzsch ex Klotzsch & Garcke, Bot. Ergeb. Reise Prinz Waldemar (1862) 153, t. 7; R. alpina var. macrophylla Boulenger in Bull. Jard. Bot. Bruxell. 13 (1935) 248.
Hindi ban-gulap; tumbi, shingari, yal, trind (Punjab).
Temperate regions of Pakistan, Punjab, Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan.
Cultivated in India and China for perfume, fruits are used as fresh food and drug. Used in the region of Ladakh for yellow-dyeing of woollen cloth.
Ref.: Bhattacharyya 1991, 305; Ghora & Panigrahi 1995, 481 pp.; Wealth of India 9, 1972.

(2001)  Page(s) 447.  
 
Rosa majalis Herrm., De Rosa (1762) 8.
Rosa foecundissima Münchh., Hausvater 5 (1770) 279; R. collincola Ehrh., Beitr. Naturk. 2 (1788) 179; R. cinnamomea L., Syst. Pl. ed. 10 (1795) 1062, non L. (1753), quae est R. pendulina L.; R. cinnamomea var. vulgaris C. A. Mey. in Mém. Sci. Nat. Acad. St. Pétersb., sér. 6, 6 (1849) 22, t.6; R. spinosissima Rydb. in N. Amer. Fl. 22 (1918) 514, non L. (1753).
Cinnamon rose; German Zimtrose, Mairose; French rosier canelle; Italian rosa maggiola; Russian roza koričnaja.
Central and N Europe, W and N Asia, Caucasus, W and N Siberia to China.
In the past cultivated in Central Europe, recently in the former Soviet Union.
The petals can be used for liqueur, jam and vinegar. In the former Soviet Union cultivars from hybridizations between R. majalis Herrm. x R. webbiana Royle are used for fruit. The early ripening cultivar 'Vitaminnyj' is grown on considerable areas here. The root is a drug.
Ref.: Friedrich & Schuricht 1989, 322 p.; Hegi IV (2), 1923; Jušev 1993, 182 pp.; Komarov 10, 1941; Pavil'onov & Rožkov 1986, 86 pp.; Vul'f & Maleeva 1969, 566 pp.

(2001)  Page(s) 449.  
 
Rosa moschata Herrm., De Rosa (1762) 15.
Rosa ruscinonensis Grenier & Déséglise in Billotia 1 (1864) 33.
Musk rose; German Moschusrose; Farsi neseri; Russian roza muskusnaja; Hindi desi gulab; gulnastaran (Afghanistan); kuji, kajai (India); kembang rus (Java).
Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan to Kashmir.
Around the Mediterranean Sea cultivated since long times.
Flowers are used here and in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, N India and Java. The young leaves are eaten in Java as vegetables. The fruits are used in India as a drug.
Ref.: Backer & Van Brink 1, 1963; Hegi IV (2), 1923; Ochse & Van den Brink 1931, 1005 pp.; Terra 1966, 107 pp.; Vul'f & Maleeva 1969, 566 pp.

(2001)  Page(s) 448-449.  
 
Rosa multiflora Thunb., Fl. jap. (1787) 214.
Rosa florida Poir., Encycl., Suppl. 4 (1816) 715; R. rubeoides Andr., Roses 2 (1828) t. 84; R. polyantha Siebold & Zucc. in Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Akad. München 4, 2 (1844) 128, non Rössig (1799, 1802); R. intermedia Carr. in Rev. Hort. 1868 (1868) 269, fig. 29, 30; R. wichurae K. Koch in Wochenschr. Ver. Beförd. Gartenb. Preuss. 12 (1869) 201; R. thyrsiflora Leroy ex Déséglise in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15 (1876) 204; R. maximowicziana Reg. in Acta Hort. Petrop. 5 (1877) 94; R. centifolia Focke in Notes Bot. Gard. Edinb. 5 (1911) 66, non L. (1753); R. lebrunei et R. blinii Lév. in Bull. Acad. Intern. Geogr. Bot. 25 (1915) 46; R. calva Boulenger in Bull. Jard. Bot. Bruxell. 9 (1933) 268.
Bramble rose, pillar rose; German Japanrose, Noisetterose; Chinese qiang wei zhun; Japanese no-ibara; Hindi bona gulab; sekar rus (Java); kembang erus (Malaysia).
Central and N China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan.
Cultivated in India, Java, China and Japan.
In China use of flowers for flavouring tea and food. In India, China and Java use of the fruits. In India the shrubs planted for protection. In Java young shoots are eaten as vegetable ("lablab").
Ref.: Backer & Van den Brink 1, 1963; Ochse & Van den Brink 1931, 1005 pp.; Ohwi 1965, 1067 pp.; Terra 1966, 107 pp.; Wealth of India 9, 1972.

(2001)  Page(s) 449.  
 
Rosa odorata (Andrews) Sweet, Hort. Suburb. Lond. (1818) 119.
Rosa indica odorata Andrews, Roses 2 (1810) t. 77; R. odorata (Andrews) Sweet var. gigantea (Crépin) Rehder & Wilson in Sarg., Pl. Wils. 2 (1915) 338; R. gigantea Collett ex Crépin in Bull. Soc. Belg. 27, 2 (1888) 14.
Origin completely unknown.
In S China and E India since old times cultivated for the apple-like fruits. They are common on the markets in India.
Ref.: Ghora & Paniraghi 1995, 481 pp.; Saakov 1976, 432 pp.