(1998)  Page(s) 455.  
 
Rosa x damascena Mill. ...Following recent comparative bloom wax analyses on artificially created F1-hybrids of R. centifolia x R. gallica, Kazanlik is again seen rather as a descendant of these two rose species.

(1998)  Page(s) Vol. 3, p. 447.  
 
Rosa canina L....In the roots the saponine Eglantosid with the di-hydoxy-tri-terpene acid Eglantol as an aglykon.

(1998)  Page(s) 452.  
 
Rosa x centifolia...Recent chromosome analysis has shown that this cannot be the "Hundred-leaved Rose" mentioned already by Theophrastus and Herodot, but is a complex hybrid from the 4 botanical species R. gallica, R. moschata, R. phoenicia and R. canina. This variety ....was possibly already developed at the end of the 15th century..
...Up to 2 m high, laxly branched bush with few suckers, branches armed with almost straight eneven prickles, the smooth foliage with seven leaflets, calyx with oil glands. One or more blooms, mostly with weak neck, roundish, pink, selsom white or red, densely filled, petals scalloped, strongly fragrant. Sepals longish, narrow and glandularly spotted. Fruit ovoid to round, red when ripe.....In the fresh blooms 0,02 to 0,073% essential oils, plentiful waxes...
Origin Caucasus, Iran, Turkey, mainly cultivated in Mediterenean countries..The most important cultivation regions today are France, Morocco and Italy. Drugs: Rosae aetheroleum, Rosae flos, Rosa hom. HAB34.

(1998)  Page(s) 455.  
 
Rosa x damascena Mill.....1,5 to 3 m high shrub with arching canes, sometimes climber-like, armed with many large and small hooked prickles; foliage elongated-ovoid, soft and finely pubescent with singly serrated edges, five to seven leaflets. The double blooms nodding, blooming in clusters up to 12, monochrome pink to red, inside petals smaller than the outer, strongly fragrant after expanding; sepals domed and pointed, glandular hairs, reflexing and not persistent after the bloom; heps long and narrow.
...0,02% to 0,05% essential oils in the blooms, whereby all parts of the bloom contain oil, the petals most (90%). Therefore, the whole bloom is used for the production of oil. In the petals 0,4% flavonoids (among others Quercetin, Kaempferol and their Galacto- and Glucosides), Triterpenes, such as beta-Amyrin, beta-Sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Ursol acid and 2-Hydoxyorsol acid, the diterpene Callitrin acid (4-Epi-dehydroabietin acid) and Benzoe acid. All bloom parts contain a lot of wax out of long chains of alkanes and olefins of various oxydation grades, which are co-extracted...Origin in Persia, came to Europe via Damascus with the crusaders; still wild in Caucasus, Syria, Morocco and Spain, in culture today in all temperate zones. The Oil rose is especially suitable for continental climate with larger temperature differences between winter and summer...The largest cultivation regions of the Oil rose are in Bulgaria in the protected sites between the Balkan, Sredna Gora and Rhodop mountains. Further culture in Turkey (center Isparta, Anatolia), Russia (Crimea, Moldavia, Caucasus), Syria, Iran and India, in the Mediterenean area, and recently also in USA. ..Drugs: Rosa aetheroleum, Rosa damascena HPUS 92.

(1998)  Page(s) Vol. 3, p. 447.  
 
Rosa x alba L.....From the section Gallicanae; hybridisation not quite clear, originated either from R. gallica x afzeliana, R. gallica x corymbifera or R. canina x damascena. Numerous descendants....Upright shrubs up to 2 m height, canes armed with uneven, hooked prickles, often also with bristles. 5 to 7 leaflets, broad-elliptical, underside pubescent. Blooms white, seldom light pink, double, more seldom single, 6 to 8 cm in diameter, fragrant, pedicels with glandulous bristles. Hips red, longish-rounded, up to 2,5 cm long, glabrous; sepals fall off early....In the blooms up to 0,02% etheric oils, with a quality-reducing amount of Stearopten, compared with the oil of R. damascena. In dried fruit 2 to 4% ascorbic acid....Originates probably from Near East, in culture in Europe since ancient times, In Bulgaria and Turkey often as borders for R. damascena plantings. Drugs: Rosae aetheroleum.