(2009)
Rosa alba Linn.
Habitat : Asian Minor region. Cultivated in Indian gardens.
English : Common English Dog Rose, White Cottage Rose.
Ayurvedic : Sevati, Shveta Taruni. (Flowers—white or bluish.)
Unani : Sevati. Garden var.—Gul-safed Bustaani, Vard Abyaz. Wild var.—Gul-safed Sahraai, Vard Abyaz Barri.
Action : Flower—cardiac tonic, prescribed in palpitation of heart, febrifuge. Petal—laxative. Rose hip contains pectin, citric acid and malic acid which are responsible for its laxative activity. The pollen contains carotene (2.08 mg/100 g), free and bound amino acids and sugars.
The major constituents of the essential oil are geraniol, beta-phenylethyl alcohol, beta-geranic acid, geraniol esters, nerol, citronellol, eugenol, methyleugenol and benzoate.
(2009)
Rosa moschata Hook. f. non-Mill. nec Herrm. Synonym : R. brunonii Lindl.
Habitat : Central and Western Himalayas, ascending to 3,000 m.
English : Himalayan Musk Rose. (Flowers—white, fruit—orange red or dark brown.)
Ayurvedic : Kubjaka (non-classical).
Folk : Kujai, Kuujaa.
Action : Plant—used in bilious affections, irritation of the skin and eye diseases. Rose water and otto is extracted from the flowers in Himachal Pradesh.
(2009)
Rosa centifolia Linn.
Habitat : Cultivated chiefly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Ayurvedic : Shatapatri, Shatapatrikaa (Shatapatra is equated with Nelumbo nucifera.), Taruni, Devataruni, Karnikaa, Chaarukesharaa, Laakshaa, Gandhaaddhyaa. (Flowers—usually pink and double.)
Unani : Gul-e-Surkh. [in other sources: = Rosa damascena]
Siddha/Tamil : Iroja, Rajapoo.
Action : Flowers—a decoction is prescribed for inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, and ulcers of the intestine. Powder of rose buttons and seeds—astringent in haemorrhage and diarrhoea. The flowers and leaves contain 1.3 and 8.5% of saponin respectively. Petels are reported to contain methionine sulphoxide.
Cabbage rose yields a volatile oil (0.2%) consisting mainly of citronellol, geraniol, nerol, phenylethanol, linalool and citral. It contains 15% tannins (oligomeric proanthocyanidins).
(2009)
Rosa chinensis Jacq.
Habitat : Cultivated chiefly in Kannauj, Kanpur and Hathras.
English : Bengal Rose, Monthly Rose.
Ayurvedic : Taruni-Kantaka (nonclassical). (Flowers—crimson or pink.)
Unani : Chini Gulaab.
Folk : Kaantaa-Gulaab.
Action : Hips—applied to wounds, injuries, sprains and foul ulcers. R. chinensis Jacq. and R. borbonianaDesp. are synonyms of Rosa indica, found and cultivated throughout India. This variety is also known as Edward Rose or Kat Gulaab.
(2009)
Rosa damascena Mill.
Habitat : Cultivated chiefly in Aligarh, Ghazipur and Kannauj, grown in gardens throughout India.
Ayurvedic : Taruni. (Flowers—red, pink or white.)
Unani : Gul-e-Surkh, Vard, Varde-Ahmar. Stamens—Zard-e-Vard. Fruit—Dalik, Samar-ul-Vard, Smar-e-Gul.
Siddha/Tamil : Irosa.
Folk : Fasali Gulaab.
Action : Flower buds—astringent, expectorant, laxative; used as a cardiac tonic and aperient. Stamens and fruits —astringent. Petals—Gulkand (a confection in sugar)—laxative, anti-inflammatory (used in sore throat and tonsilitis. Rose water—cooling, refrigerant, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory (used as a remedy for skin irritation, also for sore eyes).
All parts of the rose plant yielded quercetin, kaempferol and cyanidin. Lycopene, rubixanthin, zeaxanthin, xanthophyll and taraxanthin have been isolated from the hips. The flowers contain an essential oil with citronellol, nerol, geraniol, beta-phenylethanol and its glucoside, eugenol and methyl eugenol; other constituents include organic acids, chlorogenic acid, tannin, cyanin, cyanidin and its 3,5-diglucoside, quercitrin, carotene and sugars. Pollen from flowers contain carotene (0.76mg/100 g), sugars (1.0%) and chlorogenic acid (1.5%). Their proline content is found unusually high. The red colouring matter consists of cyanin (9–10% on dry weight basis); a yellow glucoside of quercetin and quercitrin is also present. Flowers, usually, yield 0.04% oil or otto of rose.
(2009)
Rosa macrophylla Lindl.
Habitat : The temperate Himalayas from Punjab to Sikkim at altitudes of 1,200–3,600 m.
[Name in] Ayurvedic : Vanya Taruni (nonclassical). (Flowers—pink, fruits—red.)
Folk : Ban-gulaab.
Action : Fruits—rich in vitamin C (769 mg/100 g).
(2009)
Rosa multiflora Thunb.
Habitat : Cultivated in Kulu. Occasionally found in hedges and abandoned coffee plantations in Upper Ghats.
[Name in] Ayurvedic : Rakta-Taruni (nonclassical).
Folk : Gulaab.
Action : Fruit—antiseptic,applied to wounds,injuries,sprains and foul ulcers.The fruit yielded beta-sitosterol,scoparone,salicylic and gallic acid. Fruits contained multiflorin; flower petals gave astragalin. A purgative compound, multinoside Aacetate, has been isolated from the fruit. Quercetin-3-O-xyloside, isoquercitrin and hyperin were also isolated. Floral absolute oil contains eugenol (22.8), phenylethanol (18.1) and heneicosane (10.2%). The root gave a triterpenoid, tormentic acid.
The plant extract, along with kojic acid or its derivatives, produced excellent skin-lightening and sun-burn preventing effects
(2009)
Rosa rubra Blackw. Synonym : R. gallica Linn.
Habitat : Indian gardens.
English : French Rose.
Ayurvedic : Rakta-Taruni (nonclassical), Gulaab.
Action : Dried petals—tonic and astringent. Used in debility, excessive mucous discharges and bowel complaints. The oil and rose water—used in bronchial asthma and as a remedy for skin irritation. The flowers yield 0.027–0.036% of an essential oil. It contains geraniol 40–76, l-citronellol 15–37, nerol 5–10, phenyl ethyl alcohol 3–9, eugenol 1, esters 3–5, phenyl acetic acid traces; and stearoptene 15–30%; citronellol, citral, farnesol, l-linalool and nonylaldehyde are also present. (The flowers, unlike those of Rosa damascena, develop their perfume when dried.)
The petals also contain fatty oil, sugars (3–14% as invert), tannin (Rosa tannic acid 10–24%), cyanin (up to 10%), cyanidin and quercitrin. The pollen contains carotene (1.67 mg/100 g), free and bound amino acids and sugars.Fresh hips and their pulp contain 545 and 847 mg/100 g vitamin C respectively.
(2009)
Rosa sericea Lindl.
Habitat : The temperate Himalayas from Chamba eastwards to Bhutan and Assam at altitudes of 2,500 to 4,200 m.
[Name in] Folk : Jangali Gulaab. (Flowers—white or yellow, fruit—red.)
Action : Fruits—rich in vitamin C.
(2009)
Rosa webbiana Wall.
Habitat : Dry and inner Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at altitudes of 900–4.000 m.
[Name in] Ayurvedic : Laddaakhi-Sevati. (Flowers— pink or deep red, fruit— red.)
Action : Fruits—rich in vitamin C (751 mg/100 g,) concentration up to 8% in dry pulp.
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